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Plantago major  L.

   

click to enlarge image

Botanical Name

:

Plantago major L.

English Name

:

Plantain. Great Plantain

Family

:

Plantaginaceae

 

General Info

Description

It grows from a very short rhizome, which bears below a great number of long, straight, yellowish roots, and above, a large, radial rosette of leaves and a few long, slender, densely-flowered spikes. The leaves are ovate, blunt, abruptly contracted at the base into a long, broad, channelled footstalk (petiole). The blade is 4 to 10 inches long and about two-thirds as broad, usually smooth, thickish, five to eleven ribbed, the ribs having a strongly fibrous structure, the margin entire, or coarsely and unevenly toothed. The flower-spikes, erect, on long stalks, are as long as the leaves, 1/4 to 1/3 inch thick and usually blunt. The flowers are somewhat purplish-green, the calyx four-parted, the small corolla bell-shaped and four-lobed, the stamens four, with purple anthers. The fruit is a two-celled capsule, not enclosed in the perianth, and containing four to sixteen seeds.

Herb Effects

The leaves are astringent, demulcent, deobstruent, depurative, diuretic, expectorant, haemostatic and refrigerant.

Links

Plantain
Plants for a Future
Plantago major
The American Materia Medica, Therapeutics and Pharmacognosy

Chemistry

Active Ingredients

Apigenin, ascorbic acid, asperuloside, aucubin, baicalein, baicalin, benzoic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, choline, cinnamic acid, ferulic acid, fumaric acid, geniposidic acid, linoleic acid, luteolin, oleanolic acid, oleic acid, P-coumaric acid, salicylic acid, urosilic acid and vanillic acid.

Chemistry of Active Ingredients
Product Categories

Name

CAS#

IUPAC Name

Formula

Structure

Product Categories
Apigenin 520-36-5 4,5-dihydroxy-2-(4-h
ydroxyphenyl)-chrome
n-7-one
C15H10O5 Click Here To Enlarge
Ascorbic acid Not Available 2-(1,2-dihydroxyethy
l)-4,5-dihydroxy-fur
an-3-one
C6H8O6 Click Here To Enlarge
Asperuloside 14259-45-1 Not Available C18H22O11 Click Here To Enlarge
Aucubin 479-98-1 2-[[9-hydroxy-7-(hyd
roxymethyl)-4-oxabic
yclo[4.3.0]nona-2,7-
dien-5-yl] oxy]-6-(
hydroxymethyl)oxane-
3,4,5-triol
C15H22O9 Click Here To Enlarge
Baicalein 491-67-8 4,5,6-trihydroxy-2-p
henyl-chromen-7-one
C15H10O5 Click Here To Enlarge
Baicalin 31564-28-0 6-(5,6-dihydroxy-4-o
xo-2-phenyl-chromen-
7-yl)oxy-3,4,5-trihy
droxy-oxan e-2-carb
oxylic acid
C21H18O11 Click Here To Enlarge
Benzoic acid 8013-63-6 benzoic acid C7H6O2 Click Here To Enlarge
Caffeic acid Not Available 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphen
yl)prop-2-enoic acid
C9H8O4 Click Here To Enlarge
Chlorogenic acid 327-97-9 3-[3-(3,4-dihydroxyp
henyl)prop-2-enoylox
y]-1,4,5-trihydroxy-
cyclohexan e-1-carb
oxylic acid
C16H18O9 Click Here To Enlarge
Choline 67-48-1 2-hydroxyethyl-trime
thyl-ammonium
C5H14NO+ Click Here To Enlarge
Cinnamic acid 63938-16-9 3-phenylprop-2-enoic
acid
C9H8O2 Click Here To Enlarge
Ferulic acid 24276-84-4 3-(4-hydroxy-3-metho
xy-phenyl)prop-2-eno
ic acid
C10H10O4 Click Here To Enlarge
Fumaric acid 110-17-8 but-2-enedioic acid C4H4O4 Click Here To Enlarge
Geniposidic acid 27741-01-1 9-(hydroxymethyl)-2-
[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-
(hydroxymethyl)oxan-
2-yl]oxy-3 -oxabicy
clo[4.3.0]nona-4,8-d
iene-5-carboxylic
acid
C16H22O10 Click Here To Enlarge
Linoleic acid 8024-22-4 octadeca-9,12-dienoi
c acid
C18H32O2 Click Here To Enlarge
Luteolin Not Available 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphen
yl)-4,5-dihydroxy-ch
romen-7-one
C15H10O6 Click Here To Enlarge
Oleanolic acid 508-02-1 10-hydroxy-2,2,6a,6b
,9,9,12a-heptamethyl
-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a
,10,11,12, 13,14b-t
etradecahydropicene-
4a-carboxylic acid
C30H48O3 Click Here To Enlarge
Oleic acid 8046-01-3 octadec-9-enoic acid C18H34O2 Click Here To Enlarge
P-coumaric acid 501-98-4 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)p
rop-2-enoic acid
C9H8O3 Click Here To Enlarge
Salicylic acid 8052-31-1 2-hydroxybenzoic
acid
C7H6O3 Click Here To Enlarge
Vanillic acid Not Available 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-
benzoic acid
C8H8O4 Click Here To Enlarge

Pharmacology

Medicinal Use

It is used in inflammation of the skin, malignant ulcers, intermittent fever, etc., and as a vulnerary, and externally as a stimulant application to sores. The leaves arrest external haemorrhage. The fresh leaves are applied whole or bruised in the form of a poultice. Rubbed on parts of the body stung by insects, nettles, etc., or as an application to burns and scalds. Internally, they are used in the treatment of a wide range of complaints including diarrhoea, gastritis, peptic ulcers, irritable bowel syndrome, haemorrhage, haemorrhoids, cystitis, bronchitis, catarrh, sinusitis, asthma and hay fever. They are used externally in treating skin inflammations, malignant ulcers, cuts, stings etc. The heated leaves are used as a wet dressing for wounds, swellings etc. The root is a remedy for the bite of rattlesnakes. The seeds are used in the treatment of parasitic worms. Plantain seeds contain up to 30% mucilage which swells up in the gut, acting as a bulk laxative and soothing irritated membranes. A distilled water made from the plant makes an excellent eye lotion.

Contraindication

Kyushin, licorice, plantain, uzara root, hawthorn, and ginseng may interfere with either digoxin pharmacodynamically or with digoxin monitoring (Miller , 1998)

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